HDR rendering

Cargo.lock

@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@ version = "0.1.8"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "c71b1793ee61086797f5c80b6efa2b8ffa6d5dd703f118545808a7f2e27f7046"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "adler2"
+version = "2.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "512761e0bb2578dd7380c6baaa0f4ce03e84f95e960231d1dec8bf4d7d6e2627"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ahash"
 version = "0.8.11"
@@ -180,6 +186,12 @@ version = "1.5.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1fd0f2584146f6f2ef48085050886acf353beff7305ebd1ae69500e27c67f64b"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "byteorder-lite"
+version = "0.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8f1fe948ff07f4bd06c30984e69f5b4899c516a3ef74f34df92a2df2ab535495"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bytes"
 version = "1.9.0"
@@ -316,6 +328,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "crc32fast"
+version = "1.4.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a97769d94ddab943e4510d138150169a2758b5ef3eb191a9ee688de3e23ef7b3"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam-utils"
 version = "0.8.21"
@@ -380,6 +401,25 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.59.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fdeflate"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1e6853b52649d4ac5c0bd02320cddc5ba956bdb407c4b75a2c6b75bf51500f8c"
+dependencies = [
+ "simd-adler32",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "flate2"
+version = "1.0.35"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c936bfdafb507ebbf50b8074c54fa31c5be9a1e7e5f467dd659697041407d07c"
+dependencies = [
+ "crc32fast",
+ "miniz_oxide",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "foldhash"
 version = "0.1.4"
@@ -547,6 +587,20 @@ version = "0.2.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "dfa686283ad6dd069f105e5ab091b04c62850d3e4cf5d67debad1933f55023df"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "image"
+version = "0.25.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cd6f44aed642f18953a158afeb30206f4d50da59fbc66ecb53c66488de73563b"
+dependencies = [
+ "bytemuck",
+ "byteorder-lite",
+ "num-traits",
+ "png",
+ "zune-core",
+ "zune-jpeg",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "indexmap"
 version = "2.7.0"
@@ -715,6 +769,16 @@ dependencies = [
  "paste",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "miniz_oxide"
+version = "0.8.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4ffbe83022cedc1d264172192511ae958937694cd57ce297164951b8b3568394"
+dependencies = [
+ "adler2",
+ "simd-adler32",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "naga"
 version = "23.1.0"
@@ -1109,6 +1173,19 @@ version = "0.3.31"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "953ec861398dccce10c670dfeaf3ec4911ca479e9c02154b3a215178c5f566f2"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "png"
+version = "0.17.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "82151a2fc869e011c153adc57cf2789ccb8d9906ce52c0b39a6b5697749d7526"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags 1.3.2",
+ "crc32fast",
+ "fdeflate",
+ "flate2",
+ "miniz_oxide",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "polling"
 version = "3.7.4"
@@ -1254,6 +1331,7 @@ version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "glam",
+ "image",
  "pollster",
  "rand",
  "rand_distr",
@@ -1365,6 +1443,12 @@ version = "1.3.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "0fda2ff0d084019ba4d7c6f371c95d8fd75ce3524c3cb8fb653a3023f6323e64"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "simd-adler32"
+version = "0.3.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d66dc143e6b11c1eddc06d5c423cfc97062865baf299914ab64caa38182078fe"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "slab"
 version = "0.4.9"
@@ -2318,3 +2402,18 @@ dependencies = [
  "quote",
  "syn",
 ]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zune-core"
+version = "0.4.12"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3f423a2c17029964870cfaabb1f13dfab7d092a62a29a89264f4d36990ca414a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zune-jpeg"
+version = "0.4.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "99a5bab8d7dedf81405c4bb1f2b83ea057643d9cb28778cea9eecddeedd2e028"
+dependencies = [
+ "zune-core",
+]

Cargo.toml

@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
 name = "raytracing3"
 version = "0.1.0"
 edition = "2021"
-default-run = "raytracing3"
+default-run = "minitracer"
 
 [dependencies]
 bytemuck = { version = "1.21.0", features = ["derive"] }
 glam = { version = "0.29.2", features = ["bytemuck"] }
+image = { version = "0.25.5", default-features = false, features = ["png", "jpeg"] }
 pollster = "0.4.0"
 rand = "0.8.5"
 rand_distr = { version = "0.4.3", features = ["std_math"] }

README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # Ray tracing example
 
-Basic GPU-side ray tracing example. `cargo run` to see it moving!
+Basic GPU-side ray tracing example. `cargo run --bin envmap` to prepare the sky, then `cargo run` to see it moving!
 
 ![Screenshot](screenshot.jpg)

shaders/perlin.wgsl

@@ -5,24 +5,31 @@ struct Params {
 	scale: f32,
 }
 
+struct LookParams {
+	origin: vec3f,
+	radius: f32,
+}
+
 struct Vertex {
 	@location(0) screen: vec2f,
-	@location(1) world: vec3f,
+	@location(1) dir: vec3f,
 }
 
 struct Varying {
-	@location(0) world: vec3f,
+	@location(0) dir: vec3f,
 	@builtin(position) screen: vec4f,
 }
 
+@group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> params: LookParams;
+
 @vertex
 fn on_vertex(in: Vertex) -> Varying {
-	return Varying(in.world, vec4(in.screen, 0.0, 1.0));
+	return Varying(in.dir, vec4(in.screen, 0.0, 1.0));
 }
 
 @fragment
 fn on_fragment(in: Varying) -> @location(0) vec4f {
-	let point = 30. * (normalize(in.world + vec3(0., 0., 30.)) - vec3(0., 0., 1.));
+	let point = params.origin + params.radius * normalize(in.dir);
 	let sharp_area = perlin_noise(Params(1, 3, 0.9, 2.0), 0.1 * point);
 	let sharp_base = perlin_noise(Params(1, 6, 0.9, 2.0), 0.1 * point);
 	let cloud_base = perlin_noise(Params(2, 8, 0.6, 2.0), 0.1 * point);

src/bin/enview/main.rs

@@ -1,66 +1,45 @@
 use std::error::Error;
 
 use glam::{vec2, vec3};
-use trace::{Tracer, TracerData, Vertex};
+use raytracing3::perlin::{self, Pipeline, Vertex};
 use winit::{
 	event::{Event, WindowEvent},
 	event_loop::EventLoop,
 	window::{Window, WindowAttributes},
 };
 
-mod anim;
-mod trace;
-
-pub use trace::Sphere;
-
 fn make_viewport(w: u32, h: u32) -> [Vertex; 4] {
 	let w = w as f32;
 	let h = h as f32;
+	let d = 3.;
 	let (w, h) = (1.0f32.max(w / h), 1.0f32.max(h / w));
-	let r = 3.0f32;
+	let screen_coord = [vec2(-1., -1.), vec2(1., -1.), vec2(-1., 1.), vec2(1., 1.)];
-	let screen_coord = [vec2(-h, -w), vec2(h, -w), vec2(-h, w), vec2(h, w)];
+	let world_coord = [vec3(-w, -h, d), vec3(w, -h, d), vec3(-w, h, d), vec3(w, h, d)];
-	let eye = vec3(-r, 0.0, 0.0);
-	let world_coord = [
-		vec3(0.0, -1.0, -1.0),
-		vec3(0.0, 1.0, -1.0),
-		vec3(0.0, -1.0, 1.0),
-		vec3(0.0, 1.0, 1.0),
-	];
 	[0, 1, 2, 3].map(|k| Vertex {
-		eye,
+		dir: world_coord[k],
-		world: world_coord[k],
 		screen: screen_coord[k],
 	})
 }
 
-const N_SPHERES: u32 = 100;
-
 fn main() {
 	let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
 
 	#[allow(deprecated)]
 	let window = &event_loop
-		.create_window(WindowAttributes::new().with_title("Ray tracing reflection test"))
+		.create_window(WindowAttributes::new().with_title("Noise generation test"))
 		.unwrap();
 
 	let (device, queue, surface) = pollster::block_on(init_gpu(window)).unwrap();
 
-	let mut tracer = Tracer::new(&device);
+	let format = wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb;
-	tracer.set_params(
+	let mut noiser = Pipeline::new(&device, format);
+	noiser.set_params(
 		&queue,
-		trace::Params {
+		perlin::Params {
-			max_reflections: 3,
+			origin: vec3(0., 0., -30.),
-			min_strength: 0.1,
+			radius: 30.,
-			sphere_count: N_SPHERES,
 		},
 	);
-	let sphere_params: Vec<_> = {
-		let mut rng = rand_pcg::Pcg32::new(42, 0);
-		let distr = anim::SphereParamsDistribution::default();
-		(0..N_SPHERES).map(|_| distr.make_params(&mut rng)).collect()
-	};
-
-	let mut time = 0.0;
 
 	let mut surface_configured = false;
 	#[allow(deprecated)]
@@ -73,7 +52,7 @@ fn main() {
 						&device,
 						&wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
 							usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
-							format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm,
+							format,
 							width: physical_size.width,
 							height: physical_size.height,
 							present_mode: wgpu::PresentMode::Fifo,
@@ -82,18 +61,13 @@ fn main() {
 							desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2,
 						},
 					);
-					tracer.set_view(&queue, &make_viewport(physical_size.width, physical_size.height));
+					noiser.set_view(&queue, &make_viewport(physical_size.width, physical_size.height));
 					surface_configured = true;
 				}
 				WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
-					window.request_redraw();
 					if !surface_configured {
 						return;
 					}
-					time += 1. / 60.;
-					let spheres: Vec<_> = sphere_params.iter().map(|p| p.to_sphere(time)).collect();
-					let data = TracerData::new(&device, &tracer, &spheres);
-
 					let output = surface.get_current_texture().unwrap();
 					let view = output.texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
 					let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor { label: None });
@@ -111,7 +85,8 @@ fn main() {
 						occlusion_query_set: None,
 						timestamp_writes: None,
 					});
-					tracer.render(&mut render_pass, &data);
+					noiser.render(&mut render_pass);
+
 					drop(render_pass);
 					queue.submit(std::iter::once(encoder.finish()));
 					output.present();

src/bin/envmap/main.rs

@@ -1,78 +1,70 @@
 use std::error::Error;
 
-use glam::{vec2, vec3};
+use glam::{mat3, vec2, vec3, Mat3, Vec3};
-use perlin::{Pipeline, Vertex};
+use image::buffer::ConvertBuffer;
-use winit::{
+use raytracing3::perlin::{self, Pipeline, Vertex};
-	event::{Event, WindowEvent},
-	event_loop::EventLoop,
-	window::{Window, WindowAttributes},
-};
 
-mod perlin;
+const EXTENT: u32 = 1024;
 
-fn make_viewport(w: u32, h: u32) -> [Vertex; 4] {
+fn make_viewport(m: Mat3) -> [Vertex; 4] {
-	let w = w as f32;
-	let h = h as f32;
-	let (w, h) = (1.0f32.max(w / h), 1.0f32.max(h / w));
 	let screen_coord = [vec2(-1., -1.), vec2(1., -1.), vec2(-1., 1.), vec2(1., 1.)];
-	let world_coord = [vec3(-w, -h, 0.), vec3(w, -h, 0.), vec3(-w, h, 0.), vec3(w, h, 0.)];
+	let world_coord = screen_coord.map(|s| m * vec3(s.x, s.y, 1.));
 	[0, 1, 2, 3].map(|k| Vertex {
-		world: 10. * world_coord[k],
+		dir: world_coord[k],
 		screen: screen_coord[k],
 	})
 }
 
 fn main() {
-	let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+	let (device, queue) = pollster::block_on(init_gpu()).unwrap();
 
-	#[allow(deprecated)]
+	let format = wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8UnormSrgb;
-	let window = &event_loop
+	let mut noiser = Pipeline::new(&device, format);
-		.create_window(WindowAttributes::new().with_title("Noise generation test"))
-		.unwrap();
-
-	let (device, queue, surface) = pollster::block_on(init_gpu(window)).unwrap();
-
-	let mut noiser = Pipeline::new(&device);
 	noiser.set_params(
 		&queue,
 		perlin::Params {
-			seed: 42,
+			origin: vec3(0., 0., -30.),
-			layers: 8,
+			radius: 30.,
-			roughness: 0.9,
-			scale: 1.7,
 		},
 	);
-
+	let faces = [
-	let mut surface_configured = false;
+		mat3(-Vec3::Z, -Vec3::Y, Vec3::X),
-	#[allow(deprecated)]
+		mat3(Vec3::Z, -Vec3::Y, -Vec3::X),
-	event_loop
+		mat3(Vec3::X, Vec3::Z, Vec3::Y),
-		.run(move |event, control_flow| match event {
+		mat3(Vec3::X, -Vec3::Z, -Vec3::Y),
-			Event::WindowEvent { ref event, window_id } if window_id == window.id() => match event {
+		mat3(Vec3::X, -Vec3::Y, Vec3::Z),
-				WindowEvent::CloseRequested => control_flow.exit(),
+		mat3(-Vec3::X, -Vec3::Y, -Vec3::Z),
-				WindowEvent::Resized(physical_size) => {
+	];
-					surface.configure(
+	let output = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
-						&device,
+		label: None,
-						&wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
+		size: wgpu::Extent3d {
-							usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+			width: EXTENT,
-							format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb,
+			height: EXTENT,
-							width: physical_size.width,
+			depth_or_array_layers: 6,
-							height: physical_size.height,
-							present_mode: wgpu::PresentMode::Fifo,
-							alpha_mode: wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode::Auto,
-							view_formats: vec![],
-							desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2,
 		},
-					);
+		mip_level_count: 1,
-					noiser.set_view(&queue, &make_viewport(physical_size.width, physical_size.height));
+		sample_count: 1,
-					surface_configured = true;
+		dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
-				}
+		format,
-				WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+		usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_SRC,
-					if !surface_configured {
+		view_formats: &[],
-						return;
+	});
-					}
+	let buffers = faces.map(|_| {
-					let output = surface.get_current_texture().unwrap();
+		device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
-					let view = output.texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+			label: None,
+			size: (4 * EXTENT * EXTENT) as u64,
+			usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST | wgpu::BufferUsages::MAP_READ,
+			mapped_at_creation: false,
+		})
+	});
+	for (face, m) in faces.iter().enumerate() {
 		let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor { label: None });
+		let buffer = &buffers[face];
+		let view = output.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor {
+			dimension: Some(wgpu::TextureViewDimension::D2),
+			base_array_layer: face as u32,
+			..Default::default()
+		});
 		let mut render_pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
 			label: None,
 			color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
@@ -87,29 +79,61 @@ fn main() {
 			occlusion_query_set: None,
 			timestamp_writes: None,
 		});
+		noiser.set_view(&queue, &make_viewport(*m));
 		noiser.render(&mut render_pass);
-
 		drop(render_pass);
-					queue.submit(std::iter::once(encoder.finish()));
+		encoder.copy_texture_to_buffer(
-					output.present();
+			wgpu::ImageCopyTexture {
-				}
+				texture: &output,
-				_ => {}
+				mip_level: 0,
+				origin: wgpu::Origin3d {
+					x: 0,
+					y: 0,
+					z: face as u32,
 				},
-			_ => {}
+				aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+			},
+			wgpu::ImageCopyBuffer {
+				buffer: &buffer,
+				layout: wgpu::ImageDataLayout {
+					offset: 0,
+					bytes_per_row: Some(4 * EXTENT),
+					rows_per_image: Some(EXTENT),
+				},
+			},
+			wgpu::Extent3d {
+				width: EXTENT,
+				height: EXTENT,
+				depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+			},
+		);
+		queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);
+	}
+	for buf in &buffers {
+		buf.slice(..).map_async(wgpu::MapMode::Read, |res| res.unwrap());
+	}
+	device.poll(wgpu::Maintain::Wait);
+	std::thread::scope(|s| {
+		for (face, buf) in buffers.iter().enumerate() {
+			s.spawn(move || {
+				let img =
+					image::RgbaImage::from_raw(EXTENT, EXTENT, buf.slice(..).get_mapped_range().to_vec()).unwrap();
+				let img: image::RgbImage = img.convert();
+				img.save(format!("textures/env{face}.jpeg")).unwrap();
+			});
+		}
 	})
-		.unwrap();
 }
 
-async fn init_gpu(wnd: &Window) -> Result<(wgpu::Device, wgpu::Queue, wgpu::Surface), Box<dyn Error>> {
+async fn init_gpu() -> Result<(wgpu::Device, wgpu::Queue), Box<dyn Error>> {
 	let instance = wgpu::Instance::new(wgpu::InstanceDescriptor {
 		backends: wgpu::Backends::PRIMARY,
 		..Default::default()
 	});
-	let surface = instance.create_surface(wnd)?;
 	let adapter = instance
 		.request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions {
 			power_preference: wgpu::PowerPreference::default(),
-			compatible_surface: Some(&surface),
+			compatible_surface: None,
 			force_fallback_adapter: false,
 		})
 		.await
@@ -126,5 +150,5 @@ async fn init_gpu(wnd: &Window) -> Result<(wgpu::Device, wgpu::Queue, wgpu::Surf
 		)
 		.await
 		.unwrap();
-	Ok((device, queue, surface))
+	Ok((device, queue))
 }

src/bin/minitracer/anim.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 use glam::{vec3, Vec3};
-use rand_distr::{Distribution, LogNormal, Uniform};
+use rand_distr::{Bernoulli, Distribution, Uniform};
 
 pub struct SphereParams {
 	pub radius: f32,
 	pub color: Vec3,
 	pub alpha: f32,
+	pub glossiness: f32,
 	pub origin: Vec3,
 	pub amplitudes: Vec3,
 	pub frequencies: Vec3,
@@ -15,10 +16,11 @@ pub struct SphereParamsDistribution {
 	pub drad: Uniform<f32>,
 	pub dpos: Uniform<f32>,
 	pub dcol: Uniform<f32>,
-	pub demit: LogNormal<f32>,
+	pub demit: Bernoulli,
 	pub dampl: Uniform<f32>,
 	pub dfreq: Uniform<f32>,
 	pub dphase: Uniform<f32>,
+	pub dgloss: Uniform<f32>,
 }
 
 impl Default for SphereParamsDistribution {
@@ -27,10 +29,11 @@ impl Default for SphereParamsDistribution {
 			drad: Uniform::new(0.01, 0.10),
 			dpos: Uniform::new(-1.0, 1.0),
 			dcol: Uniform::new(0.0, 1.0),
-			demit: LogNormal::new(-0.8, 2.0).unwrap(),
+			demit: Bernoulli::new(0.1).unwrap(),
 			dampl: Uniform::new(0.3, 0.8),
 			dfreq: Uniform::new(0.2, 1.5),
 			dphase: Uniform::new(0., 2. * std::f32::consts::PI),
+			dgloss: Uniform::new(0., 1.),
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -41,7 +44,8 @@ impl SphereParamsDistribution {
 			origin: self.dpos.sample3(rgen),
 			radius: self.drad.sample(rgen),
 			color: self.dcol.sample3(rgen).normalize(),
-			alpha: self.demit.sample(rgen),
+			alpha: if self.demit.sample(rgen) { 10.0 } else { 0.0 },
+			glossiness: self.dgloss.sample(rgen),
 			amplitudes: self.dampl.sample3(rgen),
 			frequencies: self.dfreq.sample3(rgen),
 			phases: self.dphase.sample3(rgen),
@@ -54,12 +58,14 @@ impl SphereParams {
 		let center = self.origin + self.amplitudes * (self.frequencies * time + self.phases).map(|x| x.sin());
 		let radius = self.radius;
 		let emit_color = self.alpha * self.color;
+		let glossiness = self.glossiness;
 		let reflect_color = 0.6 * self.color + Vec3::splat(0.2);
 		crate::Sphere {
 			center,
 			radius,
 			emit_color,
 			reflect_color,
+			glossiness,
 		}
 	}
 }

src/bin/minitracer/main.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+use std::error::Error;
+
+use glam::{vec2, vec3};
+use image::ImageReader;
+use present::Presenter;
+use trace::{Tracer, TracerData, TracerEnv, Vertex};
+use winit::{
+	event::{Event, WindowEvent},
+	event_loop::EventLoop,
+	window::{Window, WindowAttributes},
+};
+
+mod anim;
+mod present;
+mod trace;
+
+pub use trace::Sphere;
+
+fn make_viewport(w: u32, h: u32) -> [Vertex; 4] {
+	let w = w as f32;
+	let h = h as f32;
+	let (w, h) = (1.0f32.max(w / h), 1.0f32.max(h / w));
+	let r = 1.0f32;
+	let screen_coord = [vec2(-h, -w), vec2(h, -w), vec2(-h, w), vec2(h, w)];
+	let eye = vec3(-r, 0.0, 0.0);
+	let world_coord = [
+		vec3(0.0, -1.0, -1.0),
+		vec3(0.0, 1.0, -1.0),
+		vec3(0.0, -1.0, 1.0),
+		vec3(0.0, 1.0, 1.0),
+	];
+	[0, 1, 2, 3].map(|k| Vertex {
+		eye,
+		world: world_coord[k],
+		screen: screen_coord[k],
+	})
+}
+
+const N_SPHERES: u32 = 100;
+
+fn main() {
+	let event_loop = EventLoop::new().unwrap();
+
+	#[allow(deprecated)]
+	let window = &event_loop
+		.create_window(WindowAttributes::new().with_title("Ray tracing reflection test"))
+		.unwrap();
+
+	let (device, queue, surface) = pollster::block_on(init_gpu(window)).unwrap();
+	let envmap = load_envmap(&device, &queue);
+	queue.submit([]);
+
+	let output_format = wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb;
+	let hdr_format = wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba16Float;
+	let mut tracer = Tracer::new(&device, hdr_format);
+	let sphere_params: Vec<_> = {
+		let mut rng = rand_pcg::Pcg32::new(42, 0);
+		let distr = anim::SphereParamsDistribution::default();
+		(0..N_SPHERES).map(|_| distr.make_params(&mut rng)).collect()
+	};
+	let tracer_env = TracerEnv::new(&device, &tracer, &envmap);
+
+	let presenter = Presenter::new(&device, output_format);
+
+	let mut frame = 0;
+	let mut time = 0.0;
+
+	let mut surface_configured = false;
+	#[allow(deprecated)]
+	event_loop
+		.run(move |event, control_flow| match event {
+			Event::WindowEvent { ref event, window_id } if window_id == window.id() => match event {
+				WindowEvent::CloseRequested => control_flow.exit(),
+				WindowEvent::Resized(physical_size) => {
+					surface.configure(
+						&device,
+						&wgpu::SurfaceConfiguration {
+							usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+							format: output_format,
+							width: physical_size.width,
+							height: physical_size.height,
+							present_mode: wgpu::PresentMode::Fifo,
+							alpha_mode: wgpu::CompositeAlphaMode::Auto,
+							view_formats: vec![],
+							desired_maximum_frame_latency: 2,
+						},
+					);
+					tracer.set_view(&queue, &make_viewport(physical_size.width, physical_size.height));
+					surface_configured = true;
+				}
+				WindowEvent::RedrawRequested => {
+					window.request_redraw();
+					if !surface_configured {
+						return;
+					}
+					time += 1. / 60.;
+					frame += 1;
+					let spheres: Vec<_> = sphere_params.iter().map(|p| p.to_sphere(time)).collect();
+					let data = TracerData::new(&device, &tracer, &spheres);
+					tracer.set_params(
+						&queue,
+						trace::Params {
+							max_reflections: 3,
+							min_strength: 0.1,
+							sphere_count: N_SPHERES,
+							seed: frame,
+						},
+					);
+
+					let output = surface.get_current_texture().unwrap();
+					let view = output.texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+					let size = output.texture.size();
+					let hdr = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+						label: None,
+						size: wgpu::Extent3d {
+							width: 2 * size.width,
+							height: 2 * size.height,
+							depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+						},
+						mip_level_count: 1,
+						sample_count: 1,
+						dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+						format: hdr_format,
+						usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::RENDER_ATTACHMENT | wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING,
+						view_formats: &[],
+					});
+					let hdr = hdr.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+					let mut encoder = device.create_command_encoder(&wgpu::CommandEncoderDescriptor { label: None });
+					{
+						let mut render_pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+							label: None,
+							color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+								view: &hdr,
+								resolve_target: None,
+								ops: wgpu::Operations {
+									load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color::TRANSPARENT),
+									store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+								},
+							})],
+							depth_stencil_attachment: None,
+							occlusion_query_set: None,
+							timestamp_writes: None,
+						});
+						tracer.render(&mut render_pass, &data, &tracer_env);
+					}
+					{
+						let mut render_pass = encoder.begin_render_pass(&wgpu::RenderPassDescriptor {
+							label: None,
+							color_attachments: &[Some(wgpu::RenderPassColorAttachment {
+								view: &view,
+								resolve_target: None,
+								ops: wgpu::Operations {
+									load: wgpu::LoadOp::Clear(wgpu::Color::TRANSPARENT),
+									store: wgpu::StoreOp::Store,
+								},
+							})],
+							depth_stencil_attachment: None,
+							occlusion_query_set: None,
+							timestamp_writes: None,
+						});
+						presenter.render(&device, &mut render_pass, &hdr);
+					}
+					queue.submit(std::iter::once(encoder.finish()));
+					output.present();
+				}
+				_ => {}
+			},
+			_ => {}
+		})
+		.unwrap();
+}
+
+async fn init_gpu(wnd: &Window) -> Result<(wgpu::Device, wgpu::Queue, wgpu::Surface), Box<dyn Error>> {
+	let instance = wgpu::Instance::new(wgpu::InstanceDescriptor {
+		backends: wgpu::Backends::PRIMARY,
+		..Default::default()
+	});
+	let surface = instance.create_surface(wnd)?;
+	let adapter = instance
+		.request_adapter(&wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions {
+			power_preference: wgpu::PowerPreference::default(),
+			compatible_surface: Some(&surface),
+			force_fallback_adapter: false,
+		})
+		.await
+		.unwrap();
+	let (device, queue) = adapter
+		.request_device(
+			&wgpu::DeviceDescriptor {
+				label: None,
+				required_features: wgpu::Features::empty(),
+				required_limits: wgpu::Limits::default(),
+				memory_hints: Default::default(),
+			},
+			None,
+		)
+		.await
+		.unwrap();
+	Ok((device, queue, surface))
+}
+
+fn load_envmap(device: &wgpu::Device, queue: &wgpu::Queue) -> wgpu::TextureView {
+	let imgs = std::thread::scope(|s| {
+		[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+			.map(|face| {
+				s.spawn(move || {
+					let img = ImageReader::open(format!("textures/env{face}.jpeg"))
+						.unwrap()
+						.with_guessed_format()
+						.unwrap()
+						.decode()
+						.unwrap();
+					img.to_rgba8()
+				})
+			})
+			.map(|t| t.join().unwrap())
+	});
+	let size = imgs[0].width();
+	for img in &imgs {
+		assert!(img.width() == size);
+		assert!(img.height() == size);
+	}
+	let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+		label: None,
+		size: wgpu::Extent3d {
+			width: size,
+			height: size,
+			depth_or_array_layers: 6,
+		},
+		mip_level_count: 1,
+		sample_count: 1,
+		dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+		format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8UnormSrgb,
+		usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+		view_formats: &[],
+	});
+	for (face, img) in imgs.iter().enumerate() {
+		queue.write_texture(
+			wgpu::ImageCopyTexture {
+				texture: &texture,
+				mip_level: 0,
+				origin: wgpu::Origin3d {
+					x: 0,
+					y: 0,
+					z: face as u32,
+				},
+				aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+			},
+			img.as_raw(),
+			wgpu::ImageDataLayout {
+				offset: 0,
+				bytes_per_row: Some(4 * size),
+				rows_per_image: Some(size),
+			},
+			wgpu::Extent3d {
+				width: size,
+				height: size,
+				depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+			},
+		);
+	}
+	texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor {
+		label: None,
+		format: None,
+		dimension: Some(wgpu::TextureViewDimension::Cube),
+		aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+		base_mip_level: 0,
+		mip_level_count: None,
+		base_array_layer: 0,
+		array_layer_count: None,
+	})
+}

src/bin/minitracer/present.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
+use std::mem::offset_of;
+
+use bytemuck::{bytes_of, Pod, Zeroable};
+use glam::{vec2, Vec2};
+use wgpu::util::DeviceExt;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Pod, Zeroable)]
+#[repr(C)]
+struct Vertex {
+	pub screen: Vec2,
+}
+
+pub struct Presenter {
+	view_buf: wgpu::Buffer,
+	sampler: wgpu::Sampler,
+	pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
+}
+
+static SHADER: &str = include_str!("present.wgsl");
+
+impl Presenter {
+	pub fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, format: wgpu::TextureFormat) -> Self {
+		let view_buf = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
+			label: None,
+			contents: bytes_of(&[(0., 0.), (1., 0.), (0., 1.), (1., 1.)].map(|(x, y)| Vertex { screen: vec2(x, y) })),
+			usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX,
+		});
+		let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
+			label: None,
+			source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(SHADER.into()),
+		});
+		let pipeline = device.create_render_pipeline(&wgpu::RenderPipelineDescriptor {
+			label: None,
+			layout: None,
+			vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
+				module: &shader,
+				entry_point: None,
+				compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
+				buffers: &[wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+					array_stride: size_of::<Vertex>() as u64,
+					step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Vertex,
+					attributes: &[wgpu::VertexAttribute {
+						shader_location: 0,
+						offset: offset_of!(Vertex, screen) as u64,
+						format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x2,
+					}],
+				}],
+			},
+			primitive: wgpu::PrimitiveState {
+				topology: wgpu::PrimitiveTopology::TriangleStrip,
+				..Default::default()
+			},
+			depth_stencil: None,
+			multisample: wgpu::MultisampleState {
+				count: 1,
+				mask: !0,
+				alpha_to_coverage_enabled: false,
+			},
+			fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
+				module: &shader,
+				entry_point: None,
+				compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
+				targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
+					format,
+					blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::REPLACE),
+					write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
+				})],
+			}),
+			multiview: None,
+			cache: None,
+		});
+		let sampler = device.create_sampler(&wgpu::SamplerDescriptor {
+			min_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Linear,
+			..Default::default()
+		});
+		Self {
+			view_buf,
+			sampler,
+			pipeline,
+		}
+	}
+
+	pub fn render(&self, device: &wgpu::Device, pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass, texture: &wgpu::TextureView) {
+		let bindings = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+			label: None,
+			layout: &self.pipeline.get_bind_group_layout(0),
+			entries: &[
+				wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+					binding: 0,
+					resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Sampler(&self.sampler),
+				},
+				wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+					binding: 1,
+					resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(texture),
+				},
+			],
+		});
+		pass.set_pipeline(&self.pipeline);
+		pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.view_buf.slice(..));
+		pass.set_bind_group(0, &bindings, &[]);
+		pass.draw(0..4, 0..1);
+	}
+}

src/bin/minitracer/present.wgsl

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+struct Vertex {
+	@location(0) screen: vec2f,
+}
+
+struct Varying {
+	@location(0) tex: vec2f,
+	@builtin(position) v: vec4f,
+}
+
+@group(0) @binding(0) var smp: sampler;
+@group(0) @binding(1) var tex: texture_2d<f32>;
+
+@vertex
+fn on_vertex(in: Vertex) -> Varying {
+	return Varying(in.screen, vec4(2.0 * in.screen - 1.0, 0.0, 1.0));
+}
+
+@fragment
+fn on_fragment(in: Varying) -> @location(0) vec4f {
+	let hdr = textureSample(tex, smp, in.tex).xyz;
+	let luminosity = dot(hdr, vec3(0.2126, 0.7152, 0.0722));
+	let color = hdr / luminosity;
+	let luma = luminosity / (luminosity + 1.0);
+	return vec4(luma * color, 1.0);
+}

src/bin/minitracer/trace.rs

@@ -10,15 +10,16 @@ pub struct Params {
 	pub max_reflections: u32,
 	pub min_strength: f32,
 	pub sphere_count: u32,
+	pub seed: u32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
-#[repr(C)]
 pub struct Sphere {
 	pub center: Vec3,
 	pub radius: f32,
 	pub emit_color: Vec3,
 	pub reflect_color: Vec3,
+	pub glossiness: f32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Pod, Zeroable)]
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ struct SphereData {
 	emit_color: Vec3,
 	pad1: f32,
 	reflect_color: Vec3,
-	pad2: f32,
+	glossiness: f32,
 }
 
 pub struct Tracer {
@@ -50,10 +51,14 @@ pub struct TracerData {
 	bindings: wgpu::BindGroup,
 }
 
+pub struct TracerEnv {
+	bindings: wgpu::BindGroup,
+}
+
 static SHADER: &str = include_str!("trace.wgsl");
 
 impl Tracer {
-	pub fn new(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Self {
+	pub fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, format: wgpu::TextureFormat) -> Self {
 		let view_buf = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
 			label: None,
 			size: (4 * mem::size_of::<Vertex>()) as u64,
@@ -114,7 +119,7 @@ impl Tracer {
 				entry_point: None,
 				compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
 				targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
-					format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8Unorm,
+					format,
 					blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::REPLACE),
 					write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
 				})],
@@ -137,10 +142,11 @@ impl Tracer {
 		queue.write_buffer(&self.view_buf, 0, bytes_of(vertices));
 	}
 
-	pub fn render(&self, pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass, data: &TracerData) {
+	pub fn render(&self, pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass, data: &TracerData, env: &TracerEnv) {
 		pass.set_pipeline(&self.pipeline);
 		pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.view_buf.slice(..));
 		pass.set_bind_group(0, &data.bindings, &[]);
+		pass.set_bind_group(1, &env.bindings, &[]);
 		pass.draw(0..4, 0..1);
 	}
 }
@@ -155,7 +161,7 @@ impl TracerData {
 				emit_color: s.emit_color,
 				pad1: 0.0,
 				reflect_color: s.reflect_color,
-				pad2: 0.0,
+				glossiness: s.glossiness,
 			})
 			.collect();
 		let spheres_buf = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
@@ -180,3 +186,24 @@ impl TracerData {
 		Self { bindings }
 	}
 }
+
+impl TracerEnv {
+	pub fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, tracer: &Tracer, view: &wgpu::TextureView) -> Self {
+		let sampler = device.create_sampler(&wgpu::SamplerDescriptor::default());
+		let bindings = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+			label: None,
+			layout: &tracer.pipeline.get_bind_group_layout(1),
+			entries: &[
+				wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+					binding: 0,
+					resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Sampler(&sampler),
+				},
+				wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+					binding: 1,
+					resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(view),
+				},
+			],
+		});
+		Self { bindings }
+	}
+}

src/bin/minitracer/trace.wgsl

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ struct Params {
 	max_reflections: i32,
 	min_strength: f32,
 	sphere_count: i32,
+	seed: u32,
 }
 
 struct Sphere {
@@ -9,6 +10,7 @@ struct Sphere {
 	radius: f32,
 	emit_color: vec3f,
 	reflect_color: vec3f,
+	glossiness: f32,
 }
 
 struct Vertex {
@@ -25,6 +27,8 @@ struct Varying {
 
 @group(0) @binding(0) var<uniform> params: Params;
 @group(0) @binding(1) var<storage, read> spheres: array<Sphere>;
+@group(1) @binding(0) var env_sampler: sampler;
+@group(1) @binding(1) var env_texture: texture_cube<f32>;
 
 @vertex
 fn on_vertex(in: Vertex) -> Varying {
@@ -78,22 +82,24 @@ fn trace_fragment(in: Varying) -> vec4f {
 			}
 		}
 		if (sphere == -1) {
+			let env = textureSampleLevel(env_texture, env_sampler, ray, 0.0);
+			result += vec4(3.0 * color * env.xyz, 0.0);
 			break;
 		}
 		let s = spheres[sphere];
 		pos += t * ray;
 		let normal = (pos - s.center) / s.radius;
-		result += vec4(color * s.emit_color * -dot(normal, ray), 0.0);
+		result += vec4(color * s.emit_color, 0.0);
 		color *= s.reflect_color;
 		let diffuse = normal + rand_sphere();
 		let specular = reflect(ray, normal);
-		ray = normalize(mix(diffuse, specular, 0.8));
+		ray = normalize(mix(diffuse, specular, s.glossiness));
 		if (length(color) < params.min_strength) {
 			break;
 		}
 	}
 
-	return clamp(result, vec4(0.0), vec4(1.0));
+	return result;
 }
 
 fn hash(key : u32) -> u32 {
@@ -108,7 +114,7 @@ var<private> rand_state: u32;
 fn seed(key: vec4f) {
 	let x = bitcast<u32>(key.x);
 	let y = bitcast<u32>(key.y);
-	rand_state = hash(hash(x) ^ y);
+	rand_state = hash(hash(hash(params.seed) ^ x) ^ y);
 }
 
 fn rand_next() -> u32 {
@@ -121,12 +127,12 @@ fn rand_float() -> f32 {
 }
 
 fn rand_sphere() -> vec3f {
-	loop {
+	for (var k = 0; k < 16; k++) {
 		let v = vec3f(rand_float(), rand_float(), rand_float()) - 0.5;
 		let l = length(v);
 		if (length(v) <= 0.5) {
 			return v / l;
 		}
 	}
-	return vec3f(0.0); // unreachable
+	return vec3f(0.0); // safeguard
 }

src/lib.rs

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+pub mod perlin;

src/perlin.rs

@@ -9,27 +9,26 @@ use glam::{Vec2, Vec3};
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Pod, Zeroable)]
 #[repr(C)]
 pub struct Params {
-	pub seed: u32,
+	pub origin: Vec3,
-	pub layers: u32,
+	pub radius: f32,
-	pub roughness: f32,
-	pub scale: f32,
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, Pod, Zeroable)]
 #[repr(C)]
 pub struct Vertex {
-	pub world: Vec3,
+	pub dir: Vec3,
 	pub screen: Vec2,
 }
 
 pub struct Pipeline {
 	view_buf: wgpu::Buffer,
 	params_buf: wgpu::Buffer,
+	bindings: wgpu::BindGroup,
 	pipeline: wgpu::RenderPipeline,
 }
 
 impl Pipeline {
-	pub fn new(device: &wgpu::Device) -> Self {
+	pub fn new(device: &wgpu::Device, format: wgpu::TextureFormat) -> Self {
 		let view_buf = device.create_buffer(&wgpu::BufferDescriptor {
 			label: None,
 			size: (4 * size_of::<Vertex>()) as u64,
@@ -43,7 +42,7 @@ impl Pipeline {
 			mapped_at_creation: false,
 		});
 
-		let shader = fs::read_to_string("src/bin/envmap/perlin.wgsl").unwrap();
+		let shader = fs::read_to_string("shaders/perlin.wgsl").unwrap();
 		let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
 			label: None,
 			source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(shader.into()),
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ impl Pipeline {
 						},
 						wgpu::VertexAttribute {
 							shader_location: 1,
-							offset: offset_of!(Vertex, world) as u64,
+							offset: offset_of!(Vertex, dir) as u64,
 							format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x3,
 						},
 					],
@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ impl Pipeline {
 				entry_point: None,
 				compilation_options: wgpu::PipelineCompilationOptions::default(),
 				targets: &[Some(wgpu::ColorTargetState {
-					format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Bgra8UnormSrgb,
+					format,
 					blend: Some(wgpu::BlendState::REPLACE),
 					write_mask: wgpu::ColorWrites::ALL,
 				})],
@@ -95,9 +94,18 @@ impl Pipeline {
 			multiview: None,
 			cache: None,
 		});
+		let bindings = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+			label: None,
+			layout: &pipeline.get_bind_group_layout(0),
+			entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+				binding: 0,
+				resource: params_buf.as_entire_binding(),
+			}],
+		});
 		Self {
 			view_buf,
 			params_buf,
+			bindings,
 			pipeline,
 		}
 	}
@@ -113,6 +121,7 @@ impl Pipeline {
 	pub fn render(&self, pass: &mut wgpu::RenderPass) {
 		pass.set_pipeline(&self.pipeline);
 		pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.view_buf.slice(..));
+		pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.bindings, &[]);
 		pass.draw(0..4, 0..1);
 	}
 }